This presentation is reprinted here from it's source ( http://iisd.ca/pcdf/1998/capitalism.htm ) with the permission given at the bottom of the People-Centered Development Forum Home Page ( http://iisd1.iisd.ca/pcdf/ ). We must face up to the obvious fact that capitalism's failures are an inevitable consequence of embracing values and institutions that favor money over life. To create a world in which life can flourish and prosper we must recreate our economies based on values and institutions that honor life, serve life's needs, and restore money as a means of exchange. LIFE AFTER CAPITALISM Presentation for Edmonton, Calgary, and Saskatoon By David C. Korten November 1998 I feel deeply privileged to be meeting with a number of groups in Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces on alternatives to corporate rule and economic globalization, because I believe that what you are doing here in your inquiry process is potentially of no less than planetary significance. We live in a world that is being pillaged by the institutions of global capitalism to enrich the few at the expense of the many. And it is more than just a political issue because of the burdens that it places on our environment; the stresses being placed on our social systems. We have reached a point in human history at which the very survival of civilization and perhaps even of our species depends on replacing the rogue institutions of capitalism with institutions supportive of democracy, market economies, and ethical cultures that function in service to life and community. Yes, your heard me right. We must replace the global capitalist system with democracies and market economies. Now how's that for a radical idea? For those of us who grew up believing that capitalism is the foundation of democracy, market freedom, and the good life, it has been a rude awakening to realize that under capitalism, democracy is for sale to the highest bidder, the market is centrally planned by global mega-corporations larger than most countries, the elimination of jobs and livelihoods is rewarded as an economic virtue, and the destruction of nature and life to make money for the already rich is viewed as progress. Let us speak truth tonight. Global capitalism is not democratic and it systematically violates every principle of a market economy. Which sets up an interesting juxtaposition because it points to the possibility that there really is an alternative. Under global capitalism the world is ruled by a global financial casino staffed by faceless bankers, money managers, and hedge fund speculators who operate with a herd mentality that sends exchange rates and stock prices into wild gyrations unrelated to any underlying economic reality. With reckless abandon they make and break national economies, buy and sell corporations, and hire and fire corporate CEOs (the heads of corporations) -- holding the most powerful politicians and corporate managers hostage to the speculators interests. When their bets pay off they claim the winnings as their own. When they lose, they run to governments and public institutions to make up their losses with cries that the financial skies will fall if they are forced to suffer the market's discipline. Contrary to its claims, capitalism's relationship to democracy and to the market economy is much the same as the relationship of a cancer to the body whose life energies it expropriates. Cancer is a pathology that occurs when otherwise healthy cells forget that they are part of the body and begin to pursue their own unlimited growth without regard to the consequences for the whole. The growth of the cancerous cells deprives the healthy cells of nourishment and ultimately kills both the body and itself. Capitalism is doing much the same to the societies that it infests. Another way of characterizing our situation is that we find ourselves unwitting participants in an epic contest between money and life for the soul of humanity. And it comes down to a fairly literal choice as to which we value more -- our money or our lives. And as you suggested, in many ways it is fundamentally a spiritual issue as much as a political issue. We are where we are as a consequence of intentional decisions made by human beings. There is nothing inevitable about it. We as human beings can make different choices and create different economic institutions to institutionalize different values and create different dynamics. The cultural and institutional choices we must now make in favor of life will require changes of a scope and speed unprecedented in human history. Fortunately, we find ourselves facing this challenge at the very moment in our history at which we have acquired the knowledge, the technology, and the organizational capacity to negotiate the required changes successfully. The main question to be resolved is whether we will find the collective wisdom and the will to act in time. It is a question that must be resolved individual by individual, community by community, and nation by nation. In a number of places around the world citizen movements are already engaged in addressing the question on a national scale. I'm familiar with such movements in the Philippines, Chile, and Thailand. Just last month I had the privilege of participating in new initiatives emerging in Hungary, Finland, and Norway. Yet to my knowledge there is no country in the world in which the process has gained so much momentum as it has here in Canada in a wide range of initiatives such as alternative budgeting exercises, the Citizen's Agenda and MAI inquiry processes being led by the Council of Canadians, and initiatives of many groups such as the Parkland Institute and the Western Affairs Committee. This momentum gives you a special opportunity for global leadership. It also means you face the special challenge always presented to those who choose to sail in uncharted waters. You have no map to the future we must create and I have no map to offer, but I do hope to leave you with a few useful navigational devices. At its core, the root cause of our collective crisis is two fold: a failure of our values and a failure of our institutions. We have created a global culture that values money and materialism over life itself. In our pursuit of money we have given the institutions of money -- banks, investment houses, financial markets, and publicly traded corporations -- the power to rule over life. Recognizing only financial values, accountable only for money's replication, and wholly unmindful of the needs of life, these institutions are wantonly destroying life to make money. It's a bad bargain. Our flawed choices results in part from our nearly universal failure to distinguish between money and real wealth. The further I get into the analysis of these issues the more I come to believe that much of our misunderstanding comes from this confusion: money is not wealth. Money is a number, which by social convention we agree to accept in exchange for things of real value. Get that sorted out and you can take apart the whole global financial system and the whole global economy. An experience I had a few years ago in Malaysia illustrates the distinction I have in mind. I had a brief encounter with the minister responsible for Malaysia's forests. Seeing that I was a Westerner, and assuming I was probably an environmentalist, he wasted no time in poking my buttons by pointing out that Malaysia would be a lot better off once we cut down all our trees and put the money in the bank because the money will earn interest faster than the trees will grow. The image flashed into my mind of a barren and lifeless Malaysian landscape populated only by branches of international banks, with their computers faithfully and endlessly compounding the interest on the profits from Malaysia's timber sales. It is a metaphor that sums up all too well the future to which our confusion of money and real wealth is leading us. The very vocabulary of finance and economics is a world of double-speak that obscures such essential distinctions. For example, we use the terms money, capital, assets, and wealth interchangeably, leaving us with no simple means to express the difference between money -- a simple number -- and real wealth -- which includes such things as trees, food, our labor, fertile land, buildings, machinery, technology -- even love and friendship -- things that sustain our lives and increase our productive output. It leaves us prone to the potentially fatal error of assuming that when we are making money we are necessarily creating wealth. Similarly, we politely use the term investor when we speak of the speculators whose gambling destabilizes global financial markets. Indeed we favor them with tax breaks and special protections. Language makes a difference. If we called them by their real names: speculators, gamblers, and thieves, they would be subjects of public outrage -- as they appropriately should be. As a medium of exchange money is one of the most important and useful of human inventions. However, as we become ever more dependent on money to acquire the basic needs of our daily lives, we give over to the institutions and the people who control money's creation and allocation the power to decide who among us shall live in prosperity and who shall live in destitution -- even suffer premature death. With the virtual elimination of subsistence production and the increasing breakdown of community and public safety nets, our modern money system has become possibly the most effective instrument of social control and extraction ever devised by human kind. It's very important that we understand our money system as a system of rule. The most sinister aspect of modern capitalism is not its concentration of wealth in the hands of a tiny, greedy elite. It is about an institutional system of autonomous rule by money and for money that functions on autopilot beyond the control of any human actor and is unresponsive to any human sensibility. This is perhaps the most critical distinction between a market economy and our contemporary global capitalist economy. The term "capitalism" now means much the same thing it did in the mid-1800s when it was coined to refer to an economic and social regime in which the ownership and benefits of productive assets are appropriated by the few to the exclusion of the many who through their labor make the assets productive. Modern capitalism has taken this concentration of wealth to a truly unconscionable extreme. There are many statistics. The following are some of my favorites because they really do emphasize the extremes. In 1991 there were 274 billionaires in the world. By 1996 their numbers had increased to 447. Their total assets were roughly equivalent to the total combined incomes of the poorest half of humanity. We get these numbers of billionaires from Forbes magazine which proudly proclaims itself the capitalist's tool, so they know what they're talking about when they talk about capitalism and they're measuring progress by the number of billionaires being created in the global economy. Between 1996 and 1997, a single billionaire, Bill Gates of the Microsoft Corporation increased his net worth by $18 billion, a gain roughly equal to the total income shared by the 11 million people of Zimbabwe over that same one year period. Dwell on that for a moment. An income ratio of 11 million to one. As outrageous as such inequality is, the most sinister aspect of modern capitalism is not its concentration of wealth in the hands of a tiny, greedy elite. It is the truly scary fact that it is about an institutional system of autonomous rule by money and for money that functions on autopilot beyond the control of any human actor and is unresponsive to any human sensibility. Once you really get in to understanding the system you know the money managers do not control it. They are hired by it. And they do their job or they leave. And the same with the heads of the corporations. They are hired by the system, they do their job or they are fired. While they do their job they are well paid. But they are employees serving this autonomous system of money. This is perhaps the most critical distinction between a market economy and our contemporary global capitalist economy. Rule by people or rule by money. I attempt to capture that distinction in this chart (Figure 1). On the left we have the structure of a market economy very much as Adam Smith described it: local, small enterprises, locally-owned, stakeholder-owned. On the right-hand side is the representation of the way in which the global capitalist system has formed itself. [fig.1: Power Shift] In a healthy market economy enterprises are human-scale and predominantly locally-owned. Economic exchanges are shaped and controlled by people through the expression of their cultural values (which incidentally is a self-reproducing culture created by people not by the advertising media), their purchasing decisions, their democratic participation in setting the rules by which the market will function, and their ownership of local enterprises as local stakeholders with an interest in the community and its well-being. It is a dynamic and interactive system in which people participate in many roles and bring their human sensibilities to bear on every aspect of economic life. Political democracy and the market economy work well together as means of organizing the political and economic life of a society to allocate resources fairly and efficiently while securing the freedom and sovereignty of the individual. They provide an institutional foundation for self-organizing societies able to function with a minimal need for central coercive control. The special magic of the market is its ability to reward those who do productive work responsive to the self-defined needs of others as they add to the total wealth and well-being of society. Capitalism, by contrast, is not about meeting needs. Capitalism is about using money to make money for people who already have more of it than they need. It rewards the monopolist and the speculator at the expense of those who do productive work. Its institutions, by their very nature, breed inequality, exclusion, environmental destruction, social irresponsibility, and economic instability while homogenizing cultures, weakening the institutions of democracy, and eroding the moral and social fabric of society. I am amused when I hear the apologists for capitalism saying that the mistake made in Russia was to introduce capitalism too fast before the values and institutions of capitalism were put into place. In fact Russia demonstrates capitalism's values and institutions at their most advanced state of development. It is a country with virtually no rules and no government in which the strongest and best organized are free to steal whatever they can get their hands on. I'll return to the Russian experience later. We are often told that deregulation and economic globalization are necessary to free the market. In fact, efficient market function depends on both regulation and borders. What deregulation and economic globalization actually free are the forces of capitalism's attack on democracy and on the institutions and rules of the market. In the absence of regulation and borders, financial markets merge into a single unregulated electronic system able to create money with reckless abandon through bank lending to support speculative excesses. Similarly, global corporations consolidate and concentrate their power through mergers, acquisitions, and strategic alliances beyond the reach of any state. Through this process economic power becomes formally delinked from concern for any person or place as absentee ownership and its dysfunctions become institutionalized on a global scale through the aggregation of savings into professionally managed retirement, trust, and mutual funds that have a legal fiduciary responsibility to maximize financial returns to their clients without regard to social and environmental consequences. Acting as proxy owners of the corporations whose shares they hold, the fund managers expect the managers of these corporations to take a similarly narrow view of their responsibilities and they send those managers a powerful message. Earning a fair profit is not enough. Annual profits must be constantly increased at a rate sufficient to produce the 20 to 40 percent annual increase in share price the financial markets have come to expect as their due. The corporate head who succeeds is well rewarded. The average annual compensation of the head of a U.S. corporation, much of it in stock options, is currently $7.5 million a year. On the other hand if you don't do as the markets bid, you are unceremoniously dumped. How the corporation increases it profits is not the market's concern. As they say at the Nike Corporation: "Just do it." We politely use the term investor when we speak of the speculators whose gambling destabilizes global financial markets. Language makes a difference. If we called them by their real names: speculators, gamblers, and thieves, they would be subjects of public outrage -- as they appropriately should be. The global corporation responds by using its great power to reshape cultures, limit consumer choices, pass costs onto the public, and press governments to provide subsidies and rewrite the rules of commerce in their favor. Commonly the corporation responds in ways that destroy the most precious of all our wealth: the living capital of the planet and of human societies on which all life and the fabric of civilization depend. The corporation destroys living capital when it strip-mines forests, fisheries and mineral deposits, aggressively markets toxic chemicals and dumps hazardous wastes. It destroys human capital by maintaining substandard working conditions in places like the Mexican maquiladoras where corporations employ once vital and productive young women for three to four years until failed eyesight, allergies, kidney problems, and repetitive stress injuries leave them permanently handicapped and they are replaced with a new batch. It destroys social capital when it breaks up unions, bids down wages, and treats workers as expendable commodities, leaving society to absorb the family and community breakdown and violence that are inevitable consequences. It destroys institutional capital when it undermines the function of governments and democracy by buying politicians, weakening environmental health and labor standards, and extracting public subsidies, bailouts and tax exemptions which inflate corporate profits while passing the burdens of risk to governments and working people. Living capital, which has the special capacity to continuously regenerate itself, is ultimately the source of all real wealth. To destroy it for money, a simple number with no intrinsic value, is an act of collective insanity -- which makes capitalism a mental, as well as a physical pathology. Once we look seriously at the issue of externalized costs we begin to see just how grossly inefficient global capitalism actually is. Ralph Estes, a certified public accountable who teaches at American University in Washington, DC., published a book called The Tyranny Of The Bottom Line, Why Corporations Cause Good People To Do Bad Things. In it he reported on a study he did essentially compiling an inventory of all the studies he could find documenting the externalization of costs each year that corporations in America impose on U.S. society. He looked as such things as the costs of defective products, unsafe working conditions, and environmental discharges. He did not even include tax breaks and direct public subsidies. He came up with a figure of $2.6 trillion a year in 1994 dollars. That is five times corporate profits for that year and 37 percent of U.S. GDP. Now I ask you: would we tolerate inefficiency like that from government? Beginning with Adam Smith, market theory has been quite explicit that market efficiency results from small, locally-owned enterprises competing in local markets on the basis of price and quality for consumer favor. By contrast, what we know as the global capitalist economy is dominated by a handful of gigantic corporations and financial speculators with trillions of dollars at their disposal to reshape markets and manipulate prices. If we consider the gross sales of a corporation to be roughly equal to the GDP of a country, we find that of the world's 100 largest economies, 51 are economies internal to corporations. Only 49 are national economies. This has an interesting implication. The proponents of capitalism continuously tell us that market economies are more efficient and responsive to consumer needs than are centrally planned economies. But the economy internal to a corporation is not a market economy. It is a centrally planned economy -- centrally planned by corporate managers to maximize financial returns to themselves and to their shareholders. No matter what authority the head of a corporation may delegate, he can withdraw it with a snap of his fingers. In the U.S. system, which is rapidly infecting Europe and the rest of the world, the head of a corporation can virtually hire and fire any worker, open and close any plant, change transfer prices, create and drop product lines almost at will -- with no meaningful recourse by the persons or communities affected. Indeed, the power of the corporate head to dictate internal policy and action within the corporation's centrally planned economy would have made any Soviet planner green with envy. Ironically, the global victory of capitalism is not a victory for the market so much as it is a victory for central planning. Capitalism has simply shifted the planning function from governments -- which in theory are accountable to all their citizens -- to corporations -- which even in theory are accountable only to their shareholders. We are moving very fast toward ever greater consolidation of this unaccountable corporate power. In the United States the total value of corporate mergers and acquisitions has increased at a rate of nearly 50 percent a year in every year save one since 1992. We see a similar pattern being played out around the world as Wall Street investment banks bring their gun-slinging ways to the rest of the world. Just to give you an idea of the degree of concentration -- In 1995, the combined sales of the world's top 200 corporations equaled 28 percent of total world GDP. Yet these corporations employed only 18.8 million people, less than 1/3 of one percent of the world's population. The direct destruction of life to make money is only one of the destructive features of global capitalism. Another centers on the processes by which speculators seek to make money from money without any intervening involvement in productive activity. This process is know as finance capitalism. It is here we encounter the source of the financial instability that has devastated economy after economy -- from Brazil and Mexico, to Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, South Korea, and Russia. And who knows where next? The scale of the speculation involved is suggested by the fact that nearly $2 trillion now change hands in the world's currency markets each day. This is far more money than is controlled by even the most powerful of central bankers. Only about 1 percent of this $2 trillion is related to trade in any sort of real goods or services. The rest of it is purely speculative money looking for quick returns when the boom is on and safe havens when the bubbles are bursting. Though unrelated to anything real, these money movements do have real world consequences. Last month when I was visiting Norway they told me how a speculative raid on the Norwegian Kroner forced Norway's interest rates up by 2%, raising the cost of living for every Norwegian. A few weeks ago the integrity of the entire U.S. banking system was threatened when bets on the Russian ruble made by a single hedge fund called Long-term Capital Management went bad. It turned out that the fund had $25 in bank loans for every dollar in equity and a financial resik exposure of more than $1 trillion in derivatives. The total borrowing was sufficient to threaten the financial integrity of a number of large banks if the fund were to go bankrupt. Some hedge funds are leveraged as high as 100 to one and there are an estimated 4,000 such funds in the world trafficking in trillions of dollars in financial derivatives -- most of which are little more than sophisticated gambling instruments. One might wonder whether our banking system has become devoted primarily to financing speculators and gamblers. I'm not totally familiar with your situation here in Canada but I understand there are issues about some bank mergers. Of course what that really involves is consolidating their power so they can suck up more of your Canadian dollars and put them in the hands of gamblers in this global financial economy. I presume most of us would prefer that we be breaking those banks up and going back to a system of community banking where we recycle our money in our own communities. Put that down as a policy item. During a two-day period last month, the U.S. dollar fell by 15 percent against the yen -- primarily the result of large hedge funds unwinding from bad bets they had made based on expectations that the yen would actually fall against the dollar. This fundamentally changed the terms of trade between the two countries, resulting in significant changes in the sales prospects for thousands of legitimate businesses in both countries, with all the related implications for their workers, suppliers and the communities in which they are located. Living capital, which has the special capacity to continuously regenerate itself, is ultimately the source of all real wealth. To destroy it for money, a simple number with no intrinsic value, is an act of collective insanity -- which makes capitalism a mental, as well as a physical pathology. All these swings had nothing to do with any particular change in underlying economic reality. When a currency collapses due to the actions of speculators there is no change in either the country's productive capacity or in the needs of its people. There is often, however, a drop in actual productive output for the simple reason that banks left with uncollectible loans stop lending and the money supply dries up -- leaving the economy with insufficient money to finance real production and exchange. The cases of Thailand and Russia are especially instructive in helping to understand these dynamics. In 1997, financial markets turned Asia's much touted financial miracle into the Asian financial meltdown. While the details differed by country, Thailand's experience is illustrative of the basic dynamic. During the latter days of its economic miracle period, Thailand was attracting large inflows of foreign money with high interest rates. These inflows fueled rapidly growing financial bubbles in stock and real estate prices. The inflated bubbles attracted still more money. As more money is put into a small stock or real estate market the price really goes skyrocketing. Much of the money pouring in was created by international banks eager to profit from loans to the speculators. So the banks are creating money out of nothing to fuel these bubbles. The higher the bubble goes, the more financial assets you have to borrow more money from the banks, so it's a self-reinforcing process. Thus generally, these loans were secured by the inflated assets. Little if any of the inflow of foreign money was used to finance any increase in the country's productive potential. Most commonly it financed a rapid growth in the importation of luxury consumer goods -- which created the illusion of prosperity and a booming economy. But it's basically mortgaging the future for current consumption. Since speculation in stocks and real estate was producing much higher returns than were productive investments in industry and agriculture, the real entrepreneurs who are invested in productive industrial and agricultural enterprises stopped investing in maintaining the productive potential of their own enterprises, and instead siphoned off the cash flow to participate in the speculative frenzy. Real production stagnated or even declined in both agriculture and industry. Exports also began to decline. Thus the faster so called "foreign investment" flowed in, the faster real productive capacity and the possibility of paying off the skyrocketing foreign debts declined. Once the speculators realized their money was at increasing risk, they started pulling it out and the meltdown phase began. Stock and real estate prices plummeted, banks and other lending institutions were left with large portfolios of uncollectible loans. Financially impaired, the banks stopped making loans even for legitimate businesses, a liquidity crisis ensued and financial collapse threatened. The Wall Street bankers and investment houses that had helped to create the crisis through their speculative excesses and reckless lending -- inveterate champions of the free market when the profits were rolling in -- responded in typical capitalist fashion. They ran to governments and the IMF for public bailouts. In the case of Russia I don't recall that there ever was a time when people were talking about Russia's miracle economy. Yet most of us do recall that not so long ago the Soviet Union was considered a major industrial power and a significant military threat by the West. Now however, having embraced capitalism under the tutelage of the IMF and legions of Western advisors, Russia has become an economic and social basket case. Over a seven year period GDP has fallen at least by half and possibly by as much as 83 percent. Capital investment has fallen by 90 percent, meat and dairy livestock herds by 75 percent. Except for energy, the country is no longer able to produce much of anything. Most consumer goods, especially in the large cities, are now imported. Tens of millions of people are not receiving earned salaries. Male life expectancy has fallen to 57 years. An estimated 15 million people are actually starving and malnutrition has become the norm among school children. Money is so scarce that an estimated half of all transactions are by barter. Yet in spite of the economic depression that's been going on for some time, in 1997 Russia had one of the world's highest performing stock markets. Another indication of this incredible delinking between financial markets and reality. This stock market performance was fueled by generous loans again from Western bankers. Then in the late spring of 1998, the market turned downward and investors started pulling money out of the country. Russian suspended payment on its foreign debt, depositors were unable to withdraw their money from Russian banks, and store shelves emptied of goods as foreign suppliers cut off deliveries. We see important parallels in the Thai and Russian experiences. Both involve implementing IMF recommended policy actions to remove barriers to the free flow of goods and money in and out of the country, while maintaining high domestic interest rates. This encouraged large inflows of foreign money as loans and stock investments. Those who were invested in productive enterprises found the returns did not compete with the returns from stock and real estate speculation. So real enterprises were decapitalized and domestic production fell. Export earnings fell as dependence on imports to meet daily needs increased. This in turn meant that ever greater foreign portfolio investments were needed to finance consumer imports. Since there was no prospect of being able to repay the now inflated foreign financial claims, financial collapse became inevitable -- all thanks to what the IMF and World Bank tout to the world as sound economic policies. Beware the IMF coming with advice. There is reason to believe that something similar is happening to nearly every country in the world. Real economies are becoming mortgaged to the global financial system as domestic capacity to sustain real beneficial production declines. And it's all part of this belief system that somehow under finance capitalism production doesn't really make any difference. Yet clearly, the real value of any economy and of any national currency depends ultimately on the productive capacity of that economy. I now draw your attention to another overhead (Figure 2). A study by McKinsey and Company found that since 1980, the financial assets of the OECD (industrial) countries have been growing at two to three times the rate of growth in gross domestic product (GDP) -- that's the top upward-sloping line -- a result of inflating assets values through pumping up financial bubbles. This means that potential claims on economic output are growing from two to three times faster than the growth in output of the things that money might be used to buy. [fig.2: Making Money, Growing Poor] The distortions go far deeper, however, because an important portion of the output that GDP currently measures represents a decrease, rather than an increase, in our well-being. For example, when children buy guns and cigarettes (as they do in rather large quantities in the United States), these purchases count as additions to GDP -- though no sane person would argue that this increases our well-being. If one of those children uses that gun they just purchased to shoot somebody else and they end up in the hospital that also is good for GDP because it generates medical expenses. An oil spill is good, because it generates expensive clean up activities. When a married couple gets divorced, that too is good for GDP since it generates lawyers fees and requires at least one of the parties to buy or rent and furnish a new home. One of capitalism's many myths is the idea that by some wondrous mechanism the market automatically turns personal greed into a public good. Why? Because Adam Smith said so. In truth, the market has no such mechanism and furthermore Adam Smith never said it did. Other portions of GDP represent defensive expenditures that attempt to offset the consequences of the social and environmental breakdown caused by harmful growth. We can't drink the water anymore so we have to buy bottled water. Since we've got a lot more crime and our social fabric is breaking down we spend more on alarms and guards which is also "good" for economic growth. GDP further distorts our reality by the fact that it is a measure of gross, rather than net domestic product. The depreciation or depletion of natural, social, human, institutional, and even human-made capital is not deducted. So when we cut down our forests or allow our physical infrastructure to deteriorate, there is no accounting for the loss of productive function. We count only the gain. Economists in the United States, the U.K., Germany, the Netherlands, and Australia and a number of other countries have adjusted GDP figures for their countries to arrive at a per capita index of net beneficial output from the economy. In each instance they have concluded that in spite of substantial economic growth (as measured by GDP), the economy's net per capita contribution to well-being has actually been declining or stagnant over the past 15 to 20 years. Yet even the indices of net beneficial output are misleading as they do not reveal the extent to which we are depleting the underlying base of living capital on which all future productive activity depends. I know of no systematic effort to create a unified index giving us an overall measure of the state of our living capital. However, what measures we do have relating to the depletion of our forests, soils, fresh water, fisheries, the disruption of our climatic systems, the unraveling of our social fabric, the decline in educational standards, the loss of legitimacy of our major institutions, and the breakdown of family structures give us reason to believe that the rate of depletion of our living capital is even greater than the rate of decline in net beneficial output. This is represented by the sharply downward sloping line. The indicators of stock market performance and GDP our leaders rely on to assess the state of the economy create the illusion that their policies are making us rich -- when in fact the policies are impoverishing us. Governments do not compile the indicators that reveal the truth of what is happening to our wealth and well-being. And the power holders, whose financial assets are growing, experience no problem. In a global economy their money gives them ready access to the best of whatever real wealth remains. Those whom capitalism excludes have neither power nor voice. We are just beginning to wake up to the fact that the industrial era has in a mere century consumed a consequential portion of the natural capital it took evolution millions of years to create. It is now drawing down our social, institutional and human capital as well. As we watch the social and economic devastation that capitalism spreads in its wake across the globe the time has come for some serious truth telling, starting with the stark truth that unbridled capitalism is a disastrous failure. Those familiar with market theory know that a market can function efficiently only within a framework of rules that maintain certain necessary conditions. There must be rules and incentives to limit the growth and power of individual firms, to encourage local ownership, and to require firms to internalize their costs. Therefore, our goal should not be to eliminate necessary regulation, but rather to make it sensible and effective. It is here that we experience the new global capitalism at it's most perverse. NAFTA, GATT, the World Trade Organization, and the proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment all turn the necessary practice of market regulation on its head. To restore market efficiency and the equity essential to the legitimacy of its institutions, we must police global corporations to insure their adherence to essential market principles. Yet the international agreements and institutions in place and under negotiation not only fail to serve this need, they do exactly the opposite. They install corporate-dominated mechanisms to police democratically elected national and local governments to keep them from protecting the public from the excesses of global financial markets and the world's largest and most powerful corporations. This is actually not a process of deregulation but rather a matter of shifting the rules to regulate governments and people rather than corporations. The Multilateral Agreement on Investment -- the infamous MAI -- is only the most recent of such agreements. It seeks to create a global ruling class comprised of stateless corporations and absentee owners who enjoy the automatic rights of citizenship everywhere, but with none of the obligations that citizenship normally implies. It would establish that the right of a corporation to profit at the expense of society takes priority over the right of a country's people to protect their prosperity, health, and safety from harmful products and practices. The MAI is designed to guarantee the presumed right of global corporations to deplete living wealth for profit and of financial speculators to create or flee financial bubbles without restriction or regard for the economic disruption thereby created. And it obligates governments to protect the property of absentee owners from the actions of irate citizens whose jobs, health, and economic security are being destroyed for short-term profit. The MAI is possibly the most actively anti-democratic international agreement ever proposed by supposedly democratic governments. The very idea that our governments could be engaged in such a negotiation is the saddest commentary I can imagine on the state of our democratic institutions. It will take more than protest to save us from capitalism's destructive powers. We must work together to create a positive vision of the world that can be. I believe we stand at a defining moment in our own history and in the evolution of life on this planet. The time has come when we, as a species, must accept conscious collective responsibility for the consequences of our presence on this planet. We must create a planetary consciousness, a planetary intelligence. To create a world in which life can flourish and prosper we must replace the values and institutions of capitalism with values and institutions that honor life, serve life's needs, and restore money to its proper role as servant. I believe we are in fact being called to take a step to a new level of species consciousness and function. A discussion of that challenge, and what we can learn from evolutionary history and from the study of living organisms and living systems is the primary thrust of my forthcoming book The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism. It is also the primary focus of a group I helped to found, and whose board I chair, called the Positive Futures Network. We publish a journal called YES! A Journal of Positive Futures, which is helping people see the dynamics of the positive changes that are taking place that address these horribly destructive underlying dynamics. Roughly 99 percent of the money sloshing around the world is engaged in wholly unproductive speculation. Our goal should be to eliminate virtually all international flows of money not related to the purchase of goods and services on the ground that they serve no useful purpose. A larger goal should be to eliminate speculation in purely financial assets. We must face up to the obvious fact that capitalism's failures are an inevitable consequence of embracing values and institutions that favor money over life. To create a world in which life can flourish and prosper we must recreate our economies based on values and institutions that honor life, serve life's needs, and restore money as a means of exchange. Once we recognize that capitalism is the mortal enemy of the democracy, market economy, and ethical culture on which most of us want to build our societies, it is not surprising that to get where we want to go requires policies nearly the opposite of those advanced by capitalism. Whereas capitalism prefers giant global corporate monopolies with the power to extract massive public subsidies and avoid public accountability, the efficient function of markets depends on rules that keep firms human-scale and require producers to internalize their costs. Whereas capitalism institutionalizes a system of absentee ownership that keeps owners far removed from the consequences of their choices, a proper market economy favors ownership by real stakeholders -- workers, managers, suppliers, customers, and communities -- in order to bring human sensibilities to bear in economic decision-making. Whereas capitalism encourages and rewards the speculator, a proper market economy encourages and rewards those who contribute to wealth creation through their labor and productive investment. Whereas capitalism places the rights of money above the rights of persons and seeks to free it from restriction by national borders, a proper market economy seeks to guarantee the rights of persons over the rights of money and honors borders as essential to the maintenance of economic health. Whereas capitalism believes all assets and functions should be privatized, market theory recognizes the need for public services and an equitable sharing of common property resources. Whereas capitalism prefers the economic man or woman to the ethical man or woman, a proper market economy assumes an ethical culture that nurtures in its participants a mindfulness of the social and environmental consequences of their behavior. I want to focus here for a moment on the central importance of an ethical culture to an efficient market. One of capitalism's many myths is the idea that by some wondrous mechanism the market automatically turns personal greed into a public good. Why? Because Adam Smith said so. In truth, the market has no such mechanism and furthermore Adam Smith never said it did. We can go further into that. But Adam Smith also wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments which is exactly about the foundations of an ethical culture which he clearly assumed was the cultural backdrop of the market he was writing about. Efficient market function absolutely depends on a culture of trust and mutual responsibility. To emphasize this fact, I refer in my forthcoming book, The Post-Corporate World, to the mindful market in order to underscore the importance to efficient market function of an ethical culture that encourages individuals to act with mindfulness of both their personal needs and the needs of the larger whole of the community, and the society, and the planet. Most of the responsibility and initiative in negotiating a transition from capitalism to democracy and mindful market economies must come from citizen movements at local and national levels. Supporting nations and localities in this task should become the core agenda of the United Nations under its security agenda, since the protection of people and communities from predatory global corporations and finance is arguably the central security issue of our time. Among the more specific actions we must take, some are simple and straightforward, like each of us favoring products manufactured by smaller local enterprises and maintaining our savings and checking accounts with local community banks. Other tasks are more challenging. Such as, for example, dismantling the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. In a world of mindful market economies we simply have no need for global institutions whose primary function is to open national and local economies to penetration and colonization by global capital and to police governments to prevent them from protecting their citizens from economic predators. What we do need at the level of global economic management is an open and democratic institution with the mandate and power to set and enforce rules holding those corporations that operate across national borders democratically accountable to the people and priorities of the nations where they operate and to regulate and tax international financial flows and institutions. Call it the World Organization for Corporate and Financial Accountability. The creation of such an institution should perhaps be a centerpiece of initiatives toward the drafting of a citizen's MAI as an alternative to the agreement being promoted by our governments. The citizen's MAI is itself an important initiative in which civil society groups in Canada have established a leading role. In my view such an agreement should recognize and secure the right of each individual country to set its own economic priorities and standards and to determine the terms under which it will trade with others and under which it will invite others to invest in its economy. It should recognize that tariffs and financial controls are necessary instruments of market regulation and that trade goals are appropriately subordinated to social, to environmental, and even to other economic goals. Trade is a means, not an end. Another institution we must seek to eliminate is the publicly traded, for-profit corporation. Why? Because it is an organizational form specifically designed to concentrate economic power without public accountability and it institutionalizes an extreme form of absentee ownership. Bear in mind that the modern corporation is a direct descendant of the British Crown corporations such as the British East India company and the Hudson Bay company that were created to exploit the resources and markets of colonized people. Such an institution has no evident place in a mindful market economy. There are several things that must be done to eliminate the corporation as we know it. * One is to eliminate the legal fiction that corporations are legal persons entitled to the rights and privileges of natural persons. We must simultaneously engage in radical campaign finance reform to get big money and corporations out of politics. * A second is to eliminate corporate welfare and require that corporations bear the full cost of their operations. This would involve eliminating corporate subsidies and tax breaks. It would also involve assessing public fees covering the full costs of the burdens the corporation's activities impose on the environment and on society. * A third action is to eliminate absentee ownership in favor of stakeholder ownership. This means putting in place policies that favor stakeholder-owned enterprises such as family enterprises, community enterprises, cooperatives and worker-owned enterprises. We can salvage a good deal from existing corporate structures through policies that encourage mega-corporations to break themselves up into human-scale, stakeholder-owned firms. If we get corporations out of politics, restore the integrity of economic borders and eliminate corporate welfare, most mega-corporations will probably become unprofitable. This should make their managers and shareholders receptive to selling off the component businesses to stakeholders at appropriately depreciated prices. While some of our leaders are now talking about the need to tax and regulate international financial flows, they are far from facing up to the fact that roughly 99 percent of the money sloshing around the world is engaged in wholly unproductive speculation. Our goal should be to eliminate virtually all international flows of money not related to the purchase of goods and services on the ground that they serve no useful purpose. A larger goal should be to eliminate speculation in purely financial assets. One important step in this direction would be to prohibit banks from lending for financial speculation. This, for example, would eliminate bank loans to hedge funds and the purchase of stocks on margin. So these are a few of the big agenda items to be thinking about. To create a world in which life can flourish and prosper we must replace the values and institutions of capitalism with values and institutions that honor life, serve life's needs, and restore money to its proper role as servant. I believe we are in fact being called to take a step to a new level of species consciousness and function. We are where we are as a consequence of intentional decisions made by human beings. There is nothing inevitable about it. We as human beings can make different choices and create different economic institutions to institutionalize different values and create different dynamics. It is our right. One might say, given the consequences for the evolutionary processes of the planet, it also our responsibility. Because obviously somewhere there is a deep intelligence that wants to have a species with a reflective consciousness inhabiting this planet. We can restore democracy and create mindful market economies. We can create cultures and the institutions of the just, sustainable, and compassionate world of which we all dream. And it is our right to do so. We can have life after capitalism. And Canadians are well positioned to lead the way. -------------------------------------- David C. Korten is president of the People-Centered Development Forum and board chair of the Positive Futures Network, publishers of YES! A Journal of Positive Futures, and the author of When Corporations Rule the World. His forthcoming book The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism will be released in March 1999 by Berrett-Koehler Publishers (San Francisco, CA) and Kumarian Press. (West Hartford, Ct). YES! A Journal of Positive Futures is available from YES! PO Box 10818888, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110-0818, USA, phone (1-206) 842-0216; Fax (1-206) 52088; e-mail: yes@futurenet.org. The annual subscription rate for Canada by airmail is US$31. Visa and Master Card charges are accepted. A broadcast quality tape of this presentation as delivered in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada at the Parkland Institute is available from Denver Alternative Radio, 2129 Mapleton, Boulder, CO 80304, U.S.A., Phone (303) 444-8788; Fax (303) 546-0592. [Home] [About PCDForum] [Archives] [Global Citizen] [WhenCorporations Rule The World] [ThePost-Corporate World] The People-Centered Development Forum site is maintained by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Canada